Skip to content

APPENDIX A: LEGAL TEMPLATES LIBRARY

A.1 Overview

Purpose

This appendix provides practical, copy-paste ready legal templates for startup fundraising, covering term sheets, shareholder agreements, founder documents, employment agreements, and stock option plans. All templates include Indian regulatory adaptations (CCPS, Companies Act, FEMA compliance).

How to Use This Appendix

  1. Select the Right Template: Match your situation (stage, investor type, negotiating position)
  2. Understand the Language: Read plain English explanations before using legal text
  3. Customize for Your Context: Templates are starting points, not final documents
  4. Get Legal Review: ALWAYS have a qualified lawyer review before signing

Color-Coding System

  • 🟢 FOUNDER-FRIENDLY - Favorable to founders, recommended
  • 🟡 NEGOTIABLE - Industry standard but can be improved
  • 🔴 RED FLAG - Concerning terms that warrant pushback

Cross-References


SECTION 1: TERM SHEET TEMPLATES

Term sheets are non-binding agreements outlining key investment terms. Below are three versions showing the spectrum from founder-friendly to investor-heavy.

1.1 Founder-Friendly Seed Term Sheet

Use Case: Strong bargaining position, competitive round, founder-friendly investors

KEY CLAUSES

Valuation and Investment

Investment Amount: ₹4,00,00,000 (Rupees Four Crores)
Pre-Money Valuation: ₹16,00,00,000 (Rupees Sixteen Crores)
Post-Money Valuation: ₹20,00,00,000 (Rupees Twenty Crores)
Ownership: 20% on a fully diluted basis
Security: Compulsorily Convertible Preference Shares (CCPS)
🟢 What this means: Clean 20% for ₹4 crore investment at ₹16 crore pre-money. Fully diluted includes all options.

Liquidation Preference 🟢

1x non-participating liquidation preference. Upon liquidation, merger, or sale of the
company, CCPS holders receive the higher of:
  (a) 1x their investment amount (₹4,00,00,000), OR
  (b) Their pro-rata share of proceeds based on ownership percentage (20%)
🟢 What this means: Investors get their money back OR their ownership %, whichever is higher—not both. This is the most founder-friendly structure.

Example: At ₹30 crore exit: - 1x preference = ₹4 crore - 20% pro-rata = ₹6 crore - Investors take ₹6 crore (higher of the two) - Founders get ₹24 crore

Anti-Dilution Protection 🟢

Broad-based weighted average anti-dilution protection with standard carve-outs for:
  - Stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations
  - Issuances to employees, directors, consultants under approved ESOP (up to 15% of
    fully diluted capital)
  - Issuances in connection with acquisitions approved by the Board
🟢 What this means: Protects investors in down rounds using a balanced formula. Carve-outs ensure employee options don't trigger anti-dilution.

Board Composition 🟢

5-member Board:
  - 2 Founder representatives (appointed by Founders)
  - 2 Investor representatives (appointed by CCPS holders)
  - 1 Independent member (mutually agreed by Founders and Investors)

Independent Director appointment requires approval of both Founder and Investor directors.
🟢 What this means: Balanced 2-2-1 structure. No party controls the board. Independent director prevents deadlocks.

Protective Provisions 🟢

Approval of holders of at least 50% of CCPS required for:
  1. Amendment to Articles of Association affecting CCPS rights
  2. Issuance of senior or pari passu securities to CCPS
  3. Sale, merger, or liquidation of the Company
  4. Changes to authorized capital
  5. Declaration of dividends on Equity Shares
🟢 What this means: Minimal list of major decisions requiring investor approval. Does NOT include operational matters.

Founder Vesting 🟢

Founders' Equity Shares to vest over 48 months with:
  - 12-month cliff (25% vests after Year 1)
  - Monthly vesting thereafter (1/48th per month)
  - Single-trigger acceleration: 50% acceleration upon involuntary termination without cause
  - Double-trigger acceleration: 100% acceleration upon change of control + involuntary
    termination within 12 months
🟢 What this means: Standard 4-year vesting with good acceleration protections. Single-trigger for firing, double-trigger for acquisitions.

Option Pool 🟢

15% ESOP pool to be created post-money (after the current investment).
🟢 What this means: Pool comes from everyone's ownership proportionally, not just founders pre-investment.

No-Shop Period 🟢

30-day exclusivity period from term sheet execution.
🟢 What this means: Reasonable timeframe (30-45 days is standard).


1.2 Balanced Seed Term Sheet

Use Case: Standard competitive round, reputable investors, fair market terms

KEY CLAUSES

Liquidation Preference 🟡

1x participating liquidation preference, capped at 3x the original investment.

Upon liquidation, CCPS holders receive:
  (a) 1x their investment amount (₹4,00,00,000), AND
  (b) Pro-rata participation in remaining proceeds based on as-converted ownership,
  (c) Total returns capped at 3x investment (₹12,00,00,000)

After cap is reached, CCPS converts to common and participates pro-rata.
🟡 What this means: Investors get their money back PLUS pro-rata share (double-dipping), but capped at 3x. More investor-favorable than non-participating.

Example: At ₹30 crore exit: - 1x preference = ₹4 crore - Plus 20% of remaining ₹26 crore = ₹5.2 crore - Total = ₹9.2 crore (under 3x cap) - Founders get ₹20.8 crore

Protective Provisions 🟡

Approval of holders of at least 50% of CCPS required for:
  1-5. [Same as founder-friendly version]
  6. Incurring debt > ₹1,00,00,000 (outside ordinary course of business)
  7. Annual budget approval (deviations >20% require approval)
  8. Appointment or removal of CEO
🟡 What this means: Expanded list includes debt limits, budget approval, CEO decisions. More investor oversight.

Board Composition 🟡

5-member Board:
  - 2 Founder representatives
  - 2 Investor representatives (1 must be from Lead Investor)
  - 1 Independent member (mutually agreed)

Lead Investor has Board observer rights if not holding a Board seat.
🟡 What this means: Still balanced, but lead investor secures representation or observation rights.

Founder Vesting 🟡

Founders' Equity Shares to vest over 48 months with:
  - 12-month cliff
  - Monthly vesting thereafter
  - Double-trigger acceleration only: 50% acceleration upon change of control +
    involuntary termination within 12 months
🟡 What this means: Removed single-trigger acceleration. Only accelerates if acquired AND fired—less founder protection.

Option Pool 🟡

15% ESOP pool to be created pre-money (before the current investment).
🟡 What this means: Pool dilutes founders before investor money comes in. Effectively reduces founder ownership.

Drag-Along Rights 🟡

If holders of >50% of CCPS + >50% of Equity Shares approve a sale, all shareholders
must participate on same terms.
🟡 What this means: Investors can force a sale if they get founder majority agreement. Protects against minority blocking exits.


1.3 Investor-Heavy Term Sheet (RED FLAG EXAMPLE)

Use Case: Weak bargaining position, desperate round, predatory investors. Use this to identify concerning terms.

KEY CLAUSES (DO NOT ACCEPT)

Liquidation Preference 🔴

2x participating liquidation preference, uncapped.

Upon liquidation, CCPS holders receive:
  (a) 2x their investment amount (₹8,00,00,000), AND
  (b) Pro-rata participation in remaining proceeds based on as-converted ownership
  (c) No cap on total returns
🔴 RED FLAG: Investors get 2x their money back PLUS ownership %. Founders get nothing until investors get 10x+ returns.

Example: At ₹30 crore exit: - 2x preference = ₹8 crore - Plus 20% of remaining ₹22 crore = ₹4.4 crore - Investors get ₹12.4 crore (41% of exit!) - Founders get ₹17.6 crore despite owning 80%

Anti-Dilution Protection 🔴

Narrow-based weighted average anti-dilution protection (or full ratchet in some cases).
No carve-outs for employee option issuances.
🔴 RED FLAG: Narrow-based is more punitive than broad-based in down rounds. No ESOP carve-out means employee grants trigger anti-dilution.

Board Composition 🔴

5-member Board:
  - 1 Founder representative (CEO only)
  - 3 Investor representatives (2 from Lead Investor, 1 from other investors)
  - 1 Independent member (appointed by Investor directors)
🔴 RED FLAG: Investors control 4 of 5 board seats. Founders have no real governance power.

Protective Provisions 🔴

Approval of holders of at least 50% of CCPS required for:
  [Includes 15-20 items covering nearly all operational decisions, including:]
  - Hiring/firing any employee with >₹12,00,000 annual salary
  - Entering contracts >₹50,00,000
  - Opening new offices or locations
  - Changes to product strategy or pricing
  - Fundraising from any source
  - Founder travel outside India >14 days
🔴 RED FLAG: Overreaching provisions that require investor approval for day-to-day operations. Founders become employees.

Founder Vesting 🔴

Founders' Equity Shares to vest over 48 months with:
  - 12-month cliff
  - Monthly vesting thereafter
  - No acceleration upon change of control or termination
  - "Bad leaver" provisions: Forfeiture of unvested AND 50% of vested shares upon
    termination for cause or resignation
🔴 RED FLAG: No acceleration means founders lose unvested equity in acquisition. Bad leaver clawback of VESTED shares is unconscionable.

Redemption Rights 🔴

After 5 years, CCPS holders may require Company to redeem shares at the higher of:
  - Fair market value, OR
  - 1.5x original investment + 12% cumulative annual dividends

Redemption payable in 3 annual installments.
🔴 RED FLAG: Investors can force buyback even if company is doing well. Many startups don't have cash for this—leads to fire sales.

Personal Guarantees 🔴

Founders provide personal guarantees for Company's representations and warranties.
🔴 RED FLAG: Founders personally liable for company obligations. This is almost never acceptable.


Term Sheet Negotiation Guidance

MUST NEGOTIATE (Deal-breakers) - 🔴 2x+ liquidation preferences - 🔴 Participating uncapped liquidation preferences - 🔴 Full ratchet or narrow-based anti-dilution - 🔴 Investor board control (4 of 5 seats) - 🔴 Redemption rights - 🔴 Personal guarantees - 🔴 Bad leaver clawback of vested shares - 🔴 No acceleration on founder vesting

SHOULD PUSH BACK (Important but negotiable) - 🟡 1x participating even with cap (try for non-participating) - 🟡 Option pool pre-money (try for post-money) - 🟡 Protective provisions beyond 8-10 items - 🟡 Single-trigger removal (try to retain) - 🟡 No-shop >45 days

ACCEPTABLE (Standard terms) - 🟢 1x non-participating liquidation preference - 🟢 Broad-based weighted average anti-dilution - 🟢 2-2-1 balanced board - 🟢 5-8 reasonable protective provisions - 🟢 4-year vesting with 1-year cliff - 🟢 Double-trigger acceleration


SECTION 2: SHAREHOLDERS AGREEMENT CLAUSES

Shareholders Agreements (SHA) govern the relationship between investors and founders. Below are key clauses with multiple variants.

2.1 Liquidation Preference Clause

Variant A: 1x Non-Participating (FOUNDER-FRIENDLY) 🟢

LIQUIDATION PREFERENCE

Upon any Liquidation Event (including merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially
all assets, or winding up), the proceeds shall be distributed as follows:

FIRST, to the holders of CCPS, pari passu, an amount equal to 1x the Original Issue
Price per share (as adjusted for stock splits, dividends, etc.), plus declared but
unpaid dividends ("Liquidation Preference Amount").

SECOND, the balance of proceeds, if any, shall be distributed to holders of Equity
Shares and CCPS (on an as-converted basis) pro-rata based on shareholding.

Each holder of CCPS shall be entitled to receive the greater of:
  (i) The Liquidation Preference Amount, OR
  (ii) Such amount as would have been payable if CCPS had been converted to Equity
       Shares immediately prior to the Liquidation Event

For the avoidance of doubt, holders of CCPS shall receive either (i) or (ii) above,
but not both.

🟢 Plain English: Investors choose between getting their money back OR their ownership percentage—whichever is higher. At low exits, they take preference. At high exits, they convert and take pro-rata share.

🟢 Watch out for: This is the standard. Anything beyond 1x or adding participation makes it worse.

🟢 Negotiate by: If investors push for participation, cap it at 2-3x and get concessions elsewhere.

Variant B: 1x Participating Capped at 3x (BALANCED) 🟡

LIQUIDATION PREFERENCE

Upon any Liquidation Event, proceeds shall be distributed as follows:

FIRST, to holders of CCPS, pari passu, an amount equal to 1x the Original Issue Price
per share, plus declared but unpaid dividends.

SECOND, the balance shall be distributed to all shareholders (including CCPS on an
as-converted basis) pro-rata based on shareholding, until CCPS holders have received
aggregate proceeds equal to 3x the Original Issue Price per share.

THIRD, once CCPS holders have received 3x, all remaining proceeds shall be distributed
to all shareholders pro-rata on an as-converted basis.

🟡 Plain English: Investors get money back PLUS share of remaining proceeds, but total is capped at 3x. Above 3x, they convert to common.

🟡 Watch out for: Calculate breakeven point. Participation hurts founders at mid-range exits ($20M-$50M).

🟡 Negotiate by: Push for non-participating first. If participation is required, negotiate cap down from uncapped to 3x, or 3x to 2x.

Variant C: 2x Participating Uncapped (AVOID) 🔴

LIQUIDATION PREFERENCE

Upon any Liquidation Event, proceeds shall be distributed as follows:

FIRST, to holders of CCPS, pari passu, an amount equal to 2x the Original Issue Price
per share, plus declared but unpaid dividends.

SECOND, the balance shall be distributed to all shareholders (including CCPS on an
as-converted basis) pro-rata based on shareholding.

🔴 Plain English: Investors get 2x their money PLUS full ownership share. No cap. Extremely founder-unfriendly.

🔴 Watch out for: This is predatory. Founders get almost nothing until massive exits (10x+).

🔴 Negotiate by: Walk away if possible. If desperate, negotiate down to 1x participating capped, or 1.5x non-participating.


2.2 Anti-Dilution Protection Clause

Variant A: Broad-Based Weighted Average (FOUNDER-FRIENDLY) 🟢

ANTI-DILUTION ADJUSTMENTS

If the Company issues Additional Shares at a price per share less than the Conversion
Price then in effect ("Down Round"), the Conversion Price shall be adjusted according
to the following formula:

CP₂ = CP₁ × [(A + B) ÷ (A + C)]

Where:
  CP₂ = Adjusted Conversion Price
  CP₁ = Current Conversion Price
  A   = Total shares outstanding immediately prior to new issuance (on a fully diluted
        basis, including all outstanding options, warrants, and convertible securities)
  B   = Aggregate consideration received ÷ CP₁
  C   = Number of Additional Shares issued

CARVE-OUTS (no adjustment):
  - Issuances to employees, directors, consultants pursuant to Board-approved ESOP
    (up to 15% of fully diluted)
  - Stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations
  - Issuances in acquisitions approved by Board
  - Issuances to banks/lessors in equipment financing

🟢 Plain English: Uses total fully diluted shares in calculation, which moderates the adjustment. If ₹100/share drops to ₹50/share, investor price might adjust to ₹75/share (not ₹50).

🟢 Watch out for: Ensure ESOP carve-out is included so employee grants don't trigger anti-dilution.

🟢 Negotiate by: This is the standard. Push back hard against narrow-based or full ratchet.

Variant B: Narrow-Based Weighted Average (LESS FAVORABLE) 🟡

[Same formula as above, but definition of "A" changes:]

A = Total shares outstanding immediately prior to new issuance on an as-converted basis,
    EXCLUDING unissued shares reserved for employee options, warrants, or other
    convertible securities

🟡 Plain English: Uses only issued shares in calculation, not reserved options. Makes adjustment more punitive to founders.

🟡 Watch out for: Smaller denominator means bigger price adjustment in down rounds.

🟡 Negotiate by: Push for broad-based. Show data on how narrow-based dilutes founders significantly more.

Variant C: Full Ratchet (AVOID) 🔴

ANTI-DILUTION ADJUSTMENTS

If the Company issues Additional Shares at a price per share less than the Conversion
Price then in effect, the Conversion Price shall be reduced to equal the price per
share of such Additional Shares, without any weighted average calculation.

🔴 Plain English: Investor conversion price drops directly to the new round price. If ₹100 drops to ₹50, investor price becomes ₹50—giving them 2x the shares. Devastating to founders.

🔴 Watch out for: This is predatory and founder-killing. Avoid at all costs.

🔴 Negotiate by: Hard no. This is a deal-breaker. If you must accept, limit to 12-18 months, then convert to weighted average.


2.3 Board Composition Clause

Variant A: Balanced 2-2-1 (FOUNDER-FRIENDLY) 🟢

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

The Board shall consist of 5 (five) directors:

(a) Two (2) directors nominated by holders of Equity Shares ("Founder Directors")
(b) Two (2) directors nominated by holders of CCPS ("Investor Directors")
(c) One (1) independent director mutually agreed by Founder Directors and Investor
    Directors ("Independent Director")

The Independent Director shall:
  - Not be affiliated with Company, Founders, or Investors
  - Have relevant industry or functional expertise
  - Require approval of at least 1 Founder Director AND 1 Investor Director for
    appointment or removal

Quorum: 3 directors including at least 1 Founder Director and 1 Investor Director

Board decisions require simple majority, except for Reserved Matters which require
approval of at least 3 directors including 1 Founder Director and 1 Investor Director.

🟢 Plain English: Balanced power. No party controls board. Independent director breaks ties.

🟢 Watch out for: Ensure quorum protects founder representation—at least 1 founder must be present.

🟢 Negotiate by: This is the goal. Fight to maintain this structure through all rounds.

Variant B: Investor-Controlled 3-2 (CONCERNING) 🔴

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

The Board shall consist of 5 (five) directors:

(a) Two (2) directors nominated by Founders
(b) Two (2) directors nominated by holders of CCPS
(c) One (1) independent director nominated by holders of CCPS

Quorum: 3 directors

Board decisions require simple majority.

🔴 Plain English: Investors effectively control 3 seats (2 investor + 1 investor-nominated "independent"). Founders lose control.

🔴 Watch out for: "Independent" nominated by investors isn't independent. This is de facto investor control.

🔴 Negotiate by: Push back hard. Require mutual agreement on independent director. If they insist, negotiate protective quorum requirements.


2.4 Protective Provisions Clause

Variant A: Reasonable List (FOUNDER-FRIENDLY) 🟢

PROTECTIVE PROVISIONS

The following actions require prior written approval of holders of at least 50% of
outstanding CCPS:

1. Any amendment to Articles of Association or Memorandum of Association that
   adversely affects rights, preferences, or privileges of CCPS

2. Authorization or issuance of any equity securities senior to or pari passu with CCPS

3. Redemption, repurchase, or other acquisition of any Equity Shares or CCPS
   (except repurchases from terminated employees at cost)

4. Declaration or payment of dividends on Equity Shares

5. Liquidation, dissolution, winding up, or sale/merger/consolidation of the Company
   or sale of substantially all assets (>50% by value)

6. Increase or decrease in authorized share capital

7. Change in business purpose or entry into new line of business unrelated to current
   business

8. Related party transactions exceeding ₹25,00,000 annually

🟢 Plain English: 8 major structural decisions that could harm investors. Does NOT include day-to-day operations.

🟢 Watch out for: This is reasonable. Anything beyond 10 items starts becoming overreach.

🟢 Negotiate by: Standard list. Accept this without much pushback.

Variant B: Overreaching List (AVOID) 🔴

PROTECTIVE PROVISIONS

[Includes all 8 above, PLUS:]

9. Approval of annual operating budget and any deviation >15% from approved budget

10. Incurrence of indebtedness >₹10,00,000

11. Capital expenditures >₹15,00,000 annually

12. Hiring, termination, or change in compensation of any employee with salary
    >₹15,00,000 annually

13. Appointment or removal of CEO, CFO, or CTO

14. Opening new offices, branches, or locations

15. Entering any contract >₹50,00,000 or lasting >12 months

16. Changes to product pricing, strategy, or roadmap

17. Approval of any equity incentive plan or option grants

18. Fundraising from any source, including debt

19. Entering into partnerships, joint ventures, or strategic alliances

20. Founder travel outside India exceeding 21 days per year

🔴 Plain English: Requires investor approval for nearly all operational decisions. Founders become employees, not leaders.

🔴 Watch out for: Items 9-20 are operational micromanagement. Red flag for toxic investors.

🔴 Negotiate by: Hard pushback. Remove operational items. If they insist, walk away—these investors will make your life hell.


2.5 Drag-Along Rights Clause

DRAG-ALONG RIGHTS

If (i) holders of at least 66% of CCPS, AND (ii) holders of at least 50% of Equity
Shares, approve a Sale Transaction, then all shareholders shall be obligated to:

(a) Vote in favor of and consent to the Sale Transaction
(b) Sell all shares held on the same terms and conditions as the approving shareholders
(c) Execute all documents reasonably required to effect the Sale Transaction
(d) Waive dissenters' rights, appraisal rights, or similar rights

"Sale Transaction" means: (i) merger, consolidation, or share exchange where Company
shareholders own <50% of surviving entity, (ii) sale of >50% of Company assets by value,
or (iii) exclusive license of substantially all IP.

PROVIDED THAT:
  - Sale price must be ≥ fair market value (determined by independent valuation)
  - All shareholders receive same per-share consideration (subject to liquidation
    preferences)
  - Founder liabilities, representations, and indemnities shall not exceed the greater
    of (i) 12 months' salary or (ii) 10% of sale consideration received by Founders,
    and shall be on same terms as other shareholders on a pro-rata basis

🟡 Plain English: If supermajority of both CCPS and common approve a sale, everyone must participate. Prevents minority from blocking exits.

🟡 Watch out for: Ensure founders have liability caps and pro-rata treatment. Buyers often demand founder-specific reps.

🟡 Negotiate by: Ensure dual approval (CCPS + common). Negotiate liability caps. This clause is generally reasonable.


2.6 Tag-Along Rights Clause

TAG-ALONG RIGHTS

If any Founder proposes to Transfer shares to a third party ("Proposed Transfer"),
holders of CCPS shall have the right to participate in the Proposed Transfer on the
same terms and conditions.

Within 15 days of receiving notice of Proposed Transfer, CCPS holders may elect to sell
shares up to their pro-rata portion of the Proposed Transfer (based on fully diluted
ownership).

If CCPS holders elect to participate:
  - Founder's sale shall be reduced proportionally to accommodate CCPS participation
  - All shareholders shall receive same per-share price and terms
  - Closing shall occur simultaneously for all participating shareholders

Exceptions (no tag-along):
  - Transfers to family trusts or estate planning entities where Founder retains control
  - Transfers to co-founders
  - Transfers upon death or disability
  - Pledges to banks/financial institutions for personal loans

🟢 Plain English: If a founder sells shares, investors can join the sale pro-rata. Prevents founders from exiting early while investors remain stuck.

🟢 Watch out for: Ensure exceptions for estate planning and co-founder transfers.

🟢 Negotiate by: This is standard and fair. Accept it.


2.7 Right of First Refusal (ROFR) Clause

RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL

If any shareholder wishes to Transfer shares (the "Offering Shareholder"), the Company
and then existing shareholders shall have a right of first refusal in the following order:

FIRST REFUSAL: Offering Shareholder must provide written notice to Company and all
shareholders detailing:
  - Number of shares
  - Proposed price and terms
  - Identity of proposed purchaser (if known)

COMPANY ROFR (15 days): Company may elect to purchase all (not part) of offered shares
at the proposed price.

SHAREHOLDER ROFR (15 days): If Company declines, shareholders may purchase on pro-rata
basis based on current shareholding. Over-subscription permitted if some shareholders
decline.

THIRD-PARTY SALE (45 days): If Company and shareholders decline, Offering Shareholder
may sell to third party on terms no more favorable than those offered to Company/
shareholders. Sale must close within 45 days or ROFR process restarts.

Exceptions (no ROFR):
  - Transfers qualifying for tag-along exceptions above
  - Transfers in a Sale Transaction or IPO
  - Transfers to Affiliates of Offering Shareholder

🟢 Plain English: Before selling shares to outsider, must offer to company and existing shareholders first at same price.

🟢 Watch out for: Ensure timeline is reasonable (15+15+45 = 75 days total). Too long can block legitimate sales.

🟢 Negotiate by: Standard provision. Ensure exceptions are broad enough for legitimate transfers.


2.8 Founder Vesting Clause

Variant A: With Single and Double-Trigger Acceleration (FOUNDER-FRIENDLY) 🟢

FOUNDER VESTING

Founders' Equity Shares shall be subject to vesting over 48 months commencing on the
Vesting Commencement Date [●]:

- CLIFF: 25% vests on the first anniversary (12 months)
- MONTHLY VESTING: Remaining 75% vests in equal monthly installments (1/48th per month)
  over the following 36 months

ACCELERATION EVENTS:

Single-Trigger Acceleration: If Founder is terminated by the Company without Cause,
50% of then-unvested shares shall immediately vest.

Double-Trigger Acceleration: Upon a Change of Control, if Founder's employment is
terminated without Cause or Founder resigns for Good Reason within 12 months following
the Change of Control, 100% of then-unvested shares shall immediately vest.

"Change of Control" means: sale of >50% of Company shares or assets, or merger where
Company shareholders own <50% of surviving entity.

"Good Reason" means: (i) material reduction in role, authority, or responsibilities,
(ii) reduction in compensation >20%, (iii) relocation >50km from current workplace,
or (iv) material breach by Company of employment terms.

"Cause" means: (i) conviction of felony, (ii) material breach of fiduciary duty,
(iii) fraud or embezzlement, or (iv) material breach of employment agreement that
remains uncured for 30 days after written notice.

🟢 Plain English: Standard 4-year vesting with protection if founder is fired (50% vests) or if company is acquired and founder is fired/forced out (100% vests).

🟢 Watch out for: Single-trigger is valuable but often negotiated away. Fight to keep double-trigger at minimum.

🟢 Negotiate by: Push for this structure. Ensure "Good Reason" is broad enough to cover constructive termination.

Variant B: Double-Trigger Only (STANDARD) 🟡

[Same vesting schedule and definitions as above, but:]

ACCELERATION EVENTS:

Double-Trigger Acceleration Only: Upon a Change of Control, if Founder's employment is
terminated without Cause or Founder resigns for Good Reason within 12 months following
the Change of Control, 50% of then-unvested shares shall immediately vest.

No acceleration upon termination without Change of Control.

🟡 Plain English: Only accelerates if acquired AND fired/forced out. No protection if just fired.

🟡 Watch out for: 50% acceleration (not 100%) is less protective. Negotiate up.

🟡 Negotiate by: Push for 100% on double-trigger, and add single-trigger if possible.


SECTION 3: FOUNDER AGREEMENTS

3.1 Founders' Agreement Template

Key Sections to Include:

FOUNDERS' AGREEMENT

Between: [Founder 1 Name], [Founder 2 Name], [Founder 3 Name] (collectively "Founders")
Date: [●]
Company: [Company Name] Private Limited

1. EQUITY OWNERSHIP
   - Founder 1: [X]%
   - Founder 2: [Y]%
   - Founder 3: [Z]%
   - Total: 100% (pre-money, pre-ESOP)

2. VESTING SCHEDULE
   - 4-year vesting with 1-year cliff for all Founders
   - Vesting Commencement Date: [Date of Company incorporation / Date of full-time
     commitment]
   - Acceleration: [Per negotiation—typically double-trigger]

3. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
   - Founder 1: Chief Executive Officer (CEO) - Overall strategy, fundraising,
     investor relations, hiring
   - Founder 2: Chief Technology Officer (CTO) - Product development, technical
     architecture, engineering team
   - Founder 3: Chief Operating Officer (COO) - Operations, finance, partnerships,
     customer success

4. TIME COMMITMENT
   - All Founders commit full-time to Company (minimum 40 hours/week)
   - No outside employment or consulting without unanimous Founder consent
   - Side projects permitted if: (i) non-competitive, (ii) <5 hours/week, (iii) no
     Company IP used

5. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
   - All work product, inventions, and IP created by any Founder belong exclusively
     to Company
   - Founders assign all prior work product related to Company business (see Schedule A)
   - Founders agree to execute IP assignment agreements and assist with IP filings

6. DECISION-MAKING
   - Major Decisions (require unanimous approval): fundraising, equity issuance, sale
     of company, hiring/firing C-level executives, annual budget, incurring debt >₹10L
   - Standard Decisions (require majority): hiring, vendor contracts <₹10L, product
     decisions, marketing spend
   - Functional Decisions: Each Founder has authority within their domain

7. FOUNDER DEPARTURE
   - Voluntary Resignation: Unvested shares forfeited; vested shares subject to
     Company ROFR
   - Termination for Cause: Unvested shares forfeited; Company option to repurchase
     vested shares at fair market value
   - Termination without Cause: [Negotiate acceleration]; Company ROFR on vested shares
   - Disability/Death: [Negotiate acceleration]; estate subject to Company ROFR

8. TRANSFER RESTRICTIONS
   - No Founder may transfer shares without unanimous consent of other Founders
   - ROFR applies: Company, then other Founders, then third party
   - Exceptions: transfers to family trusts, estate planning

9. NON-COMPETE AND NON-SOLICIT
   - During employment and 12 months after departure: no competing business, no
     solicitation of Company employees or customers
   - Geography: [India / worldwide depending on business]
   - Scope: [Define competitive activities specifically]

10. CONFIDENTIALITY
    - All Company information confidential perpetually
    - No disclosure without Company authorization

11. DISPUTE RESOLUTION
    - Good faith negotiation (30 days)
    - Mediation (if negotiation fails)
    - Arbitration (Singapore International Arbitration Centre or Indian Arbitration)
    - Governing law: [Indian law / Singapore law]

Indian Compliance Notes: - This agreement supplements (not replaces) SHA and employment agreements - Ensure non-compete is reasonable in scope (Indian courts scrutinize heavily) - IP assignment must comply with Companies Act and Indian contract law - Consider having board ratify key terms


3.2 Co-Founder Equity Split Framework

STEP-BY-STEP WORKSHEET

Use this framework to negotiate fair equity split based on contributions:

Step 1: Identify Contribution Categories

For each founder, score contributions (0-10 scale):

  1. Idea Origination (0-10 points)
  2. 10 = Sole originator, specific and novel idea
  3. 5 = Co-developed idea with others
  4. 0 = Joined after idea was formed

  5. Domain Expertise (0-10 points)

  6. 10 = Rare, highly specialized expertise critical to business
  7. 5 = Relevant experience in industry
  8. 0 = No directly relevant experience

  9. Execution Capability (0-10 points)

  10. 10 = Proven track record building similar companies
  11. 5 = Strong execution skills in relevant domain
  12. 0 = Unproven execution

  13. Full-Time Commitment (0-10 points)

  14. 10 = Full-time from day 1, no other commitments
  15. 5 = Part-time initially, transitioning to full-time in 6-12 months
  16. 0 = Part-time indefinitely or advisor role

  17. Financial Contribution (0-10 points)

  18. 10 = Invested significant capital (>₹20L) or providing runway for team
  19. 5 = Modest investment (₹5-20L) or sharing opportunity cost
  20. 0 = No financial contribution

  21. Network and Fundraising (0-10 points)

  22. 10 = Extensive investor/customer network, can raise round
  23. 5 = Good network in industry
  24. 0 = Limited relevant network

  25. Risk Tolerance (0-10 points)

  26. 10 = Left high-paying job, relocated, significant personal risk
  27. 5 = Moderate risk, transitioning from stable situation
  28. 0 = Low risk, keeping safety nets

Step 2: Calculate Total Scores

Founder Idea Domain Exec Time Money Network Risk TOTAL
Founder A 8 9 7 10 8 7 10 59
Founder B 7 6 8 10 5 9 9 54
Founder C 4 8 6 7 2 5 6 38
Total 151

Step 3: Calculate Initial Equity Split

  • Founder A: (59/151) = 39.1%
  • Founder B: (54/151) = 35.8%
  • Founder C: (38/151) = 25.1%

Step 4: Adjust for Qualitative Factors

Consider: - CEO Premium: If clear CEO, consider +5-10% for leadership role and accountability - CTO Premium: If technical founder building core product, consider +5% for technical risk - Vesting Differences: If commitment timelines differ significantly, adjust equity or vesting schedules

Step 5: Round and Finalize

Final Split Example: - Founder A (CEO): 40% - Founder B (CTO): 35% - Founder C (COO): 25%

Critical Rules: 1. All founders vest - Even if split is unequal, all equity vests over 4 years 2. Revisit if commitments change - If someone goes part-time, reduce their split 3. Document the reasoning - Write down why you chose this split; helps prevent resentment 4. No lone wolf equity - Avoid 70-20-10 splits; all founders should have meaningful stake (>15%)


3.3 Founder Departure Agreement Template

FOUNDER SEPARATION AND RELEASE AGREEMENT

This Agreement is made on [DATE] between:
- [COMPANY NAME] Private Limited ("Company")
- [DEPARTING FOUNDER NAME] ("Departing Founder")
- [REMAINING FOUNDERS] ("Remaining Founders")

RECITALS:
A. Departing Founder is a co-founder and shareholder of Company holding [X]% equity
B. Parties wish to effect an orderly transition and separation

TERMS:

1. SEPARATION DATE: [DATE] ("Separation Date")

2. EQUITY TREATMENT:

   Vested Shares: [X] Equity Shares ([Y]% of Company)
   - Company shall have option to repurchase up to 50% of vested shares at Fair Market
     Value (FMV) within 90 days of Separation Date
   - FMV to be determined by independent valuation or by mutual agreement
   - Payment terms: [Cash / promissory note / installments over 12-24 months]

   Unvested Shares: [Z] Equity Shares (subject to vesting)
   - Immediately forfeited as of Separation Date
   - No compensation for unvested shares

3. ACCEL ERATION (if applicable):
   - [X]% of unvested shares shall vest immediately due to [termination without cause /
     mutual agreement / other reason]

4. ROLE TRANSITION:
   - Departing Founder shall resign from all officer positions (CEO, Director, etc.)
     effective Separation Date
   - Departing Founder shall resign from Board of Directors
   - Departing Founder shall transition responsibilities to [SUCCESSOR] over [15/30/60]
     days

5. ONGOING OBLIGATIONS:
   - Confidentiality obligations continue perpetually
   - Non-compete and non-solicit obligations continue for [12/18/24] months post-departure
   - IP assignment obligations remain in full effect
   - Assistance: Departing Founder shall provide reasonable assistance with IP matters,
     customer transitions, etc. (max [10] hours, compensated at ₹[X]/hour)

6. COMPANY ASSETS:
   - Return of all Company property: laptop, phone, documents, access credentials
   - Acknowledgment that all IP and work product belongs to Company

7. RELEASE OF CLAIMS:
   - Departing Founder releases Company and Remaining Founders from all claims arising
     from employment or shareholding (except for vested equity rights above)
   - Company releases Departing Founder from claims except for breach of confidentiality,
     IP, non-compete, or other ongoing obligations

8. REFERENCE AND REPUTATION:
   - Parties agree not to disparage each other publicly
   - Company agrees to provide neutral reference: [Dates of association, title held]
   - Departing Founder may describe role as "Co-Founder" on resume and LinkedIn

9. CONFIDENTIALITY OF TERMS:
   - Terms of this Agreement confidential except as required by law or for tax/legal
     advice

10. DISPUTE RESOLUTION:
    - Governed by [Indian law / Singapore law]
    - Arbitration in [city] per [Indian Arbitration Act / SIAC rules]

🟢 When to use: Mutual separation, early co-founder departure, low acrimony situations

🟡 Watch out for: Buyback terms—ensure departing founder receives fair value and reasonable payment timeline

🟢 Negotiate by: Separation is emotional. Use mediator or mutual advisor to negotiate fairly.


SECTION 4: EMPLOYMENT AND ADVISORY AGREEMENTS

4.1 Co-Founder Employment Agreement (Key Sections)

EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT

1. POSITION AND DUTIES
   - Title: [Chief Executive Officer / Chief Technology Officer]
   - Reports to: Board of Directors
   - Duties: [Comprehensive description of role and responsibilities]
   - Full-time commitment (minimum 40 hours/week)

2. COMPENSATION
   - Base Salary: ₹[X] per annum, payable monthly
   - Annual Review: Salary reviewed annually based on performance and Company financials
   - Equity: [Y] Equity Shares / ESOP options ([Z]% of fully diluted), vesting per
     Company ESOP policy
   - Benefits: [Health insurance, leave policy, PF/ESI per Indian labor law]

3. TERM
   - At-will employment (either party may terminate with [30/60/90] days notice)
   - Initial term: [Indefinite / Fixed term of X years]

4. TERMINATION
   - For Cause: Immediate termination without severance (defined: conviction, fraud,
     gross misconduct, material breach)
   - Without Cause: Company may terminate with [60/90] days notice + severance of
     [3/6] months salary
   - Resignation: Employee may resign with [30/60] days notice
   - Upon termination: Cease vesting; unvested equity forfeited; vested equity subject
     to Company ROFR

5. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
   - All work product belongs to Company (work-for-hire)
   - Employee assigns all IP created during employment
   - Disclosure of inventions; assistance with IP filings

6. CONFIDENTIALITY AND NON-DISCLOSURE
   - All Company information confidential perpetually
   - No unauthorized disclosure

7. NON-COMPETE (12 months post-termination)
   - No competing business in [defined geography and scope]
   - No solicitation of Company employees, customers, partners

8. GOVERNING LAW
   - Indian law; jurisdiction in [city] courts

Indian Compliance: - Comply with Shops and Establishments Act - PF/ESI registration if applicable - Gratuity Act compliance for employees >5 years - Include required labor law provisions


4.2 Executive Employment Agreement (Key Terms)

For Senior Hires (CXO, VP level):

KEY TERMS:

Compensation:
- Base: ₹[15L - 50L] per annum depending on role and stage
- Variable: [10-30%] annual bonus based on objectives (OKRs)
- Equity: [0.25% - 2%] via ESOP, 4-year vesting with 1-year cliff
- Benefits: Health insurance (self + family), laptop, phone allowance, [relocation if
  applicable]

Termination:
- Notice period: 60-90 days
- Severance: 3-6 months salary if terminated without cause
- Equity: Vesting ceases on last working day; 90-day option exercise window

Special Provisions:
- Sign-on bonus: [If applicable, to buy out equity from previous employer]
- Clawback: Sign-on and first-year bonuses subject to 12-month clawback if voluntary
  resignation
- Change of Control: [Negotiate acceleration—typically 25-50% on single-trigger]
- Non-Compete: 12-18 months, enforceable for senior roles

When to use: Hiring experienced executives with market-rate expectations

Watch out for: Sign-on bonuses with long clawbacks can backfire if candidate doesn't work out


4.3 Advisor Agreement Template

ADVISORY AGREEMENT

Between: [COMPANY NAME] ("Company")
And: [ADVISOR NAME] ("Advisor")

1. ADVISORY SERVICES
   - Scope: [Specific areas—fundraising advice, technical guidance, customer intros, etc.]
   - Time Commitment: [2-5] hours per month, [quarterly/monthly] meetings
   - Term: [12-24] months from date of agreement
   - Renewal: Automatic renewal for additional [12-month] terms unless terminated by
     either party with 30 days notice

2. COMPENSATION
   - Equity: [XXX] stock options representing [0.1% - 0.5%] of fully diluted capital
   - Vesting: Monthly over [24] months with no cliff (1/24th per month)
   - Exercise Price: Fair market value as of grant date (typically nominal for early-stage)
   - Exercise Window: 90 days post-termination (negotiate for extended window if possible)

3. TERMINATION
   - Either party may terminate with 30 days written notice
   - Upon termination: Vesting ceases; unvested options forfeited; vested options
     exercisable per ESOP plan

4. RELATIONSHIP
   - Advisor is independent contractor, not employee
   - No benefits, taxes, or labor law protections
   - Advisor may advise other companies (except direct competitors)

5. CONFIDENTIALITY
   - All Company information confidential
   - No disclosure without authorization
   - Obligation continues post-termination

6. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
   - Advisor assigns any IP created during Advisory to Company
   - Advisor assists with IP filings if needed

7. NO GUARANTEE
   - Compensation is equity only (no cash)
   - Equity subject to Company's progress and dilution in future rounds
   - No guaranteed returns or liquidity

Typical Advisor Equity: - Strategic advisor with deep expertise: 0.25% - 0.5% - Tactical advisor for specific project: 0.1% - 0.25% - Advisors for mature companies (Series B+): 0.05% - 0.2%

Vesting: - 2-year monthly vesting is standard (no cliff) - Front-loaded vesting for short-term engagements (e.g., 50% first year, 50% second year)


4.4 Confidentiality and IP Assignment Agreement

CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND INVENTION ASSIGNMENT AGREEMENT

Employee: [NAME]
Company: [COMPANY NAME]
Date: [DATE]

1. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
   - Definition: All non-public information related to Company business, technology,
     customers, financials, strategies
   - Obligation: Employee shall not disclose or use Confidential Information except
     for Company benefit
   - Duration: Perpetual (survives termination of employment)
   - Exceptions: Information that becomes public, is independently developed, or is
     required by law to be disclosed

2. INVENTION ASSIGNMENT
   - All inventions, works of authorship, developments, improvements, and discoveries
     conceived or developed by Employee during employment, whether or not during working
     hours, and whether or not using Company resources, that:
     (a) Relate to Company's business or anticipated business, OR
     (b) Result from work performed for Company, OR
     (c) Use Company's equipment, supplies, facilities, or Confidential Information

     ...shall be the sole and exclusive property of Company ("Company Inventions").

   - Employee assigns all rights, title, and interest in Company Inventions to Company
   - Employee shall disclose all inventions promptly to Company
   - Employee shall assist Company in obtaining patents, copyrights, and other IP rights

3. PRIOR INVENTIONS
   - Employee has disclosed all prior inventions related to Company business (see Schedule A)
   - If no prior inventions, Employee represents Schedule A is blank
   - Prior inventions remain Employee's property but may not be used in Company work
     without Company consent

4. NO CONFLICT
   - Employee represents no conflicting obligations to prior employers
   - Employee has returned all property and confidential information to prior employers

5. GOVERNMENT OR THIRD-PARTY RIGHTS
   - Employee shall inform Company of any government contracts, grants, or third-party
     agreements that may affect IP ownership

6. ENFORCEMENT
   - Employee acknowledges irreparable harm from breach; Company entitled to injunctive
     relief
   - Governed by Indian law

[SCHEDULE A: PRIOR INVENTIONS - leave blank if none]

Indian Compliance: - Must comply with Indian contract law and labor law - Scope of IP assignment must be reasonable (overreach may be unenforceable) - Clearly define what constitutes "Company Inventions" vs personal projects

When to use: Every employee, contractor, and advisor should sign this before starting work


SECTION 5: STOCK OPTION TEMPLATES

5.1 ESOP Grant Letter Template

EMPLOYEE STOCK OPTION GRANT LETTER

Date: [DATE]
To: [EMPLOYEE NAME] ("Optionee")
From: [COMPANY NAME] Private Limited ("Company")

Congratulations! The Board of Directors has approved a stock option grant to you under
the Company's Employee Stock Option Plan 2024 ("ESOP Plan"). Details:

1. GRANT DETAILS
   - Grant Date: [DATE]
   - Number of Options: [XXX] options
   - Percentage of Company: [X.XX]% of fully diluted capital as of Grant Date
   - Exercise Price: ₹[Y] per share (fair market value as of Grant Date)
   - Type: Non-qualified stock options (India does not distinguish ISO vs NSO)

2. VESTING SCHEDULE
   - Vesting Period: 48 months from Grant Date
   - Cliff: 25% vests after 12 months (cliff)
   - Monthly Vesting: Remaining 75% vests monthly over next 36 months (1/48th per month)
   - Vesting Date: Last day of each month
   - Vesting Condition: Continuous employment or service through each Vesting Date

3. EXERCISE TERMS
   - Exercise Period: Options must be exercised within 90 days of termination of employment
     or they expire
   - Exercise Method: Submit Exercise Notice to Company with payment of Exercise Price
   - Payment Methods: Cash, cashless (if permitted by Company)

4. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT
   - Unvested Options: Immediately forfeited upon termination for any reason
   - Vested Options: Must be exercised within 90 days of termination or they expire
   - Termination for Cause: All options (vested and unvested) immediately forfeited

5. EQUITY CONVERSION
   - Options convert to Equity Shares upon exercise
   - Equity Shares subject to Company's Articles of Association, including ROFR,
     drag-along, and other transfer restrictions

6. TAXATION (IMPORTANT)
   - India taxes options as perquisite (income tax) at grant, vesting, OR exercise
     depending on company type
   - For private limited: Tax on exercise at difference between FMV and Exercise Price
   - Capital gains tax on sale of shares
   - Consult tax advisor for your specific situation

7. NO GUARANTEE
   - This grant does not guarantee employment or continued service
   - Options have value only if Company's equity value increases
   - No guarantee of liquidity or ability to sell shares

8. GOVERNING DOCUMENTS
   - This grant is subject to the ESOP Plan and Company's Articles of Association
   - In case of conflict, ESOP Plan governs

9. ACCEPTANCE
   - Please sign and return this letter within 30 days to accept the grant

Sincerely,
[CEO NAME]
Chief Executive Officer

I accept the above option grant on the terms stated.

_______________________          _____________
[Employee Signature]             Date

Indian Tax Notes: - Private Limited Company: Perquisite tax on exercise (FMV minus exercise price = taxable income) - Public Company: Perquisite tax on grant (FMV of option = taxable income) - Capital Gains: When shares are sold, capital gains tax on sale price minus (exercise price + perquisite already taxed) - Holding Period: Long-term capital gains (LTCG) if held >24 months; otherwise short-term (STCG)


5.2 ESOP Policy Framework

EMPLOYEE STOCK OPTION PLAN - POLICY GUIDELINES

1. PLAN PURPOSE
   - Attract, retain, and motivate employees
   - Align employee interests with long-term company success
   - Provide competitive equity compensation

2. POOL SIZE
   - Initial pool: [10-15%] of fully diluted capital at inception
   - Refresh: Board may authorize additional options up to [20%] total over company lifetime
   - Reserved shares: [XXX] Equity Shares reserved under plan

3. ELIGIBILITY
   - Employees: All full-time employees eligible (minimum 3-6 months employment)
   - Directors: Whole-time directors eligible; non-executive directors not eligible
   - Consultants/Advisors: Eligible for grants separate from employee pool
   - Interns/Part-time: Not eligible

4. GRANT GUIDELINES

   By Role:
   - Co-Founders: [25-40%] equity outside ESOP plan (vesting)
   - C-Level Hires (first 3 executives): [1-3%] each
   - VP Level: [0.3-1%]
   - Director/Senior Manager: [0.1-0.5%]
   - Manager/Engineer: [0.01-0.2%]
   - Junior employees: [0.001-0.05%]

   By Timing (Decay over time):
   - Pre-seed / Founding team: Highest grants
   - Seed stage: 80% of founding team equivalent
   - Series A: 50% of founding team equivalent
   - Series B+: 25-30% of founding team equivalent

   By Function:
   - Engineering: Typically highest grants (building product)
   - Product/Design: High grants
   - Sales: Balanced (equity + commission)
   - Operations/Support: Standard grants

5. VESTING TERMS
   - Standard: 4 years with 1-year cliff, monthly vesting thereafter
   - Cliff: 25% vests at 12 months; remaining 75% over 36 months
   - Acceleration:
     - Single-trigger: [Optional] [25-50%] acceleration on involuntary termination without cause
     - Double-trigger: [Standard] [50-100%] acceleration on change of control + termination

6. EXERCISE PRICE
   - Fair Market Value (FMV) as of Grant Date
   - FMV determined by:
     - Recent funding round price (adjusted for preferred vs common)
     - Independent 409A-style valuation
     - Board determination
   - Early-stage: Often nominal (₹1-10 per share)

7. EXERCISE PERIOD
   - Standard: 90 days post-termination for vested options
   - Extended: [Optional] 5-10 years post-termination (rare, but founder-friendly)

8. ADMINISTRATION
   - Compensation Committee (or full Board for early stage) administers plan
   - Board approves all grants, exercises, and amendments
   - Cap table maintained by [Company secretary / Legal counsel / Carta/Pulley]

9. TRANSFER RESTRICTIONS
   - Options are non-transferable (except by will or laws of descent)
   - Shares obtained upon exercise subject to Company's SHA and AoA (ROFR, drag-along, etc.)

10. AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION
    - Board may amend plan at any time (subject to shareholder approval if required by law)
    - Amendments cannot adversely affect outstanding grants without Optionee consent
    - Plan terminates 10 years from adoption unless earlier terminated by Board

11. TAX WITHHOLDING
    - Company shall withhold taxes as required by Indian law on perquisite income
    - Employee responsible for all taxes related to options and shares

12. NO EMPLOYMENT RIGHT
    - ESOP grant does not constitute employment contract or guarantee continued employment

Implementation Checklist:

  • Board resolution adopting ESOP Plan
  • Shareholder resolution approving ESOP Plan (special resolution, 75% majority)
  • Articles of Association amended to authorize ESOP shares
  • ESOP pool shares reserved and created
  • Grant letters prepared for each employee
  • Cap table updated to reflect options granted and vested
  • Tax withholding process established
  • Annual compliance: Board reviews and approves grants, exercises; shareholders approve material amendments

Indian Compliance (Companies Act 2013): - Section 62(1)(b): ESOP shares issued to employees - Rule 12 of Companies (Share Capital and Debentures) Rules, 2014 - SEBI (Share Based Employee Benefits) Regulations, 2014 (if planning to go public) - Approval requirements: Board + Shareholders (special resolution) - Pricing: No discount below FMV permitted for options


SECTION 6: INDIAN REGULATORY ADAPTATIONS

6.1 CCPS Structure

What is CCPS?

Compulsorily Convertible Preference Shares (CCPS) are the Indian equivalent of preferred stock. Key features:

  • Preference Rights: Dividend preference (if declared), liquidation preference
  • Compulsory Conversion: Must convert to Equity Shares (common stock) upon: IPO, sale of company, or specified date (typically 10-20 years)
  • Voting Rights: Limited (only on matters affecting CCPS rights) unless dividends unpaid for 2 years
  • Indian Law: Governed by Companies Act 2013, not US corporate law

Typical CCPS Terms in Indian Term Sheets:

SECURITY: Compulsorily Convertible Preference Shares, Series Seed

CONVERSION:
- Automatic conversion upon: (i) IPO with proceeds ≥₹[X] crore and pre-money ≥₹[Y] crore,
  (ii) Sale of Company, or (iii) [DATE 10-20 years out]
- Voluntary conversion at option of CCPS holder at any time
- Conversion ratio: 1:1 (subject to anti-dilution adjustments)

DIVIDEND:
- Non-cumulative dividend of [0.001%] per annum if declared by Board
- [Optional] Cumulative dividend of [8-12%] per annum, payable upon conversion or redemption

REDEMPTION:
- [Include only if investor insists—avoid if possible]
- Redeemable at option of CCPS holders after [5-7] years at higher of: (i) original
  investment + [X]% annual return, or (ii) FMV

CCPS vs US Preferred Stock:

Feature CCPS (India) Preferred Stock (US)
Must convert? Yes (compulsorily) No (optional)
Voting rights Limited by default Full by default
Tenure Max 20 years per Companies Act Indefinite
Regulatory Companies Act, RBI, FEMA State corporate law

6.2 Companies Act and FEMA Compliance

Companies Act 2013 - Key Sections:

  • Section 42: Private placement of securities (term sheet and SHA compliance)
  • Section 43: Types of shares (equity, preference, CCPS)
  • Section 47: Voting rights (preference shares have limited voting)
  • Section 55: Redemption of preference shares (within 20 years)
  • Section 62: Further issue of capital (ESOP issuance, new funding rounds)
  • Section 71: Debentures (if raising debt)

FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act) - Foreign Investment:

  • FDI Policy: Foreign investors must comply with sectoral caps and approval routes
  • Pricing Guidelines: RBI specifies minimum pricing for shares issued to foreign investors
  • Issue Price: Must be ≥ FMV determined by Merchant Banker (Category I) or Chartered Accountant (if unlisted)
  • Transfer Price: Secondary transfers at or above FMV (or floor price per RBI guidelines)
  • Reporting: FC-GPR (within 30 days of share issuance), FLA (annual return)
  • Repatriation: Foreign investors can repatriate capital and gains freely (subject to taxes)

Tax Considerations:

  • Angel Tax (Section 56(2)(viib)): If raising from Indian residents, premium over FMV may be taxable UNLESS:
  • Company has DPIIT recognition, OR
  • Investor is Category II AIF, OR
  • Company + investor meet turnover/net worth thresholds
  • Section 80-IAC: Tax holiday for DPIIT-recognized startups (3 consecutive years of 100% profit exemption out of first 10 years)
  • Capital Gains:
  • Unlisted shares: LTCG 20% (if held >24 months), STCG per slab
  • Listed shares: LTCG 10% (if held >12 months), STCG 15%

SECTION 7: IMPORTANT DISCLAIMERS

⚠️ CRITICAL: DO NOT SIGN ANY LEGAL DOCUMENT WITHOUT QUALIFIED LEGAL REVIEW

These templates are for educational purposes only. They are NOT: - Substitute for legal advice - Guaranteed to be current with latest laws - Customized for your specific situation - Suitable for use without lawyer review

Always engage a qualified lawyer to: - Review and customize templates for your situation - Ensure compliance with current Indian law (Companies Act, FEMA, tax law) - Negotiate terms with investors or co-founders - Draft final binding documents

Cost of Legal Review: - Term sheet and SHA review: ₹1-3 lakhs (India), $5,000-15,000 (US) - Founder agreements: ₹50,000-1,50,000 - Employment agreements: ₹25,000-75,000 per template - ESOP plan setup: ₹1-2 lakhs

See Chapter 25: When to Call a Lawyer for guidance on selecting counsel.


Customization Required

These templates require significant customization:

  1. Fill in blanks: All [bracketed] fields must be completed with your specific terms
  2. Negotiate terms: Red/yellow-coded clauses require careful negotiation
  3. Adapt for stage: Seed terms differ from Series A; adjust accordingly
  4. Adapt for sector: Deep-tech companies may need different IP clauses than SaaS
  5. Adapt for jurisdiction: If raising from US investors, may need Delaware structure

Do NOT: - Copy-paste and sign without review - Use templates from wrong stage (seed template for Series B) - Ignore red flag clauses hoping they won't matter - Forget to update cross-references and definitions


Regulatory Currency

Indian law changes frequently:

  • Companies Act amendments
  • FEMA notifications from RBI
  • Tax law changes in annual budgets
  • SEBI regulations for listed/public companies

Verify current law before using templates: - Consult MCA (Ministry of Corporate Affairs) website - Review RBI's FDI policy and FEMA notifications - Check latest tax provisions with CA - Confirm no recent case law affecting terms

Last Updated: These templates reflect law as of January 2025. Laws may have changed since publication.


APPENDIX SUMMARY

What You'll Find Here

This appendix provides 20+ legal templates covering:

  1. 3 Term Sheet Templates: Founder-friendly, balanced, investor-heavy (with red flags)
  2. 8 SHA Clause Variants: Liquidation preference, anti-dilution, board, protective provisions, drag/tag/ROFR, vesting
  3. 3 Founder Agreements: Founders' agreement, equity split framework, departure agreement
  4. 4 Employment Templates: Co-founder employment, executive employment, advisor agreement, IP assignment
  5. 2 ESOP Templates: Grant letter, ESOP policy
  6. Indian Adaptations: CCPS structure, Companies Act, FEMA, tax notes

How to Use This Appendix

  1. Start with your stage and situation: Seed founder? Use founder-friendly templates. Series A with strong lead? Use balanced templates.
  2. Read plain English explanations: Understand what each clause means before using legal language
  3. Identify red flags: 🔴 clauses are deal-breakers; negotiate hard or walk away
  4. Customize for your context: Fill in blanks, adjust terms, add company-specific provisions
  5. Get legal review: Engage lawyer before signing anything binding

Cross-References to Chapters


Word Count: ~7,200 words

END OF APPENDIX A: LEGAL TEMPLATES LIBRARY


Disclaimer

This chapter provides educational information about startup funding and is not legal, financial, or investment advice. Every startup situation is unique. Consult qualified professionals (lawyers, accountants, financial advisors) before making any funding decisions.

Last Updated: November 2025